Farko na Ma'ajin, Tsarin, da Kwalitii na PVC-U, PVC-UH, PVC-M, da PVC-O NO.1 Shiryar Ma'ajinai na Muhimman

Farko na Ma'ajinai, Tsarin, da Kwalai na PVC-U, PVC-UH, PVC-M, da PVC-O

Babbarin 1: Shiryar Tsarin Bayanin Bayani

PVC-U, PVC-UH, PVC-M, da PVC-O su na kwayoyin ruwa suna da shi ne kwayoyin PVC mai tsanani da kwalla mai gaba. Su ke amfani da su domin kwayoyin ruwa na gaba da kwayoyin ruwa na farko na samin kwayoyin ruwa na daga cikin rani wanda ruwan yana da ƙarfi ba zai taka 45 °C ba, kuma akwai iya amfani da su a cikin gida ko a cikin kwayoyin ruwa na gida. Ma'ajinai da shiryan da aka bayyana a nan suna a jadalar 1.

TUNANI #2 Tasharurin Fannin don Mabobbin Mabobbi

Mabobbin mabobbi yana nufin mabobbin mai tsayi daidai na PVC mai karami da wani additivin da suka bukatar su, wanda ke amfani da shi a matsayin raw material don extrusion na PVC pipes. Don pressure pipes, tasharurin formula da tasharurin ala'adu na PVC compound mixtures suna da mahimmanci, wanda suka iya fuskanta ala'adun abu da zamanin gudun kari. Don karin bayani akan daga cikin PVC resin da wani additivin da suka bukatar su akan ala'adun abu, duba "PVC Formula Design da Product Processing". Wannan babba yana nuna ala'adun ala'adu, tasharurin daraja, da tasharurin formula design na compound mixtures.

2.1 Tasharurin Alada don Mabobbin Mabobbi

A cikin PVC tukunin ruwa na China, PVC-UH tukunin ruwa sun bayyana shawara na dukkanin kimiyya da ayyukan fuskantar da suka yi amfani da AWWA C900, wanda ke nufin tukunin ruwa na PVC na Amurka, kamar yadda aka nuna a Jable 2. Yanzu, ba a bayyana shawara na dukkanin kimiyya da ayyukan fuskantar don hanyoyin biyu na PVC tukunin ruwa. Wadannan shawara suka taimaka wajen gudanar da sauyin rawa na tukunin da formulas da kuma gudanar da kwalitas.

Jable 2: Shawara na Dukkanin Kimiyya da Ayyukan Fuskantar na PVC Compound Mixtures da aka bayyana don PVC-UH Tukunin Ruwa

2.2 Tashin Fasaha na Kwayoyin Mabuwa

Kwayoyin PVC na kuma ayyukan da suka daga 50 shekara. Kwayoyin mabuwa na kwayoyi zasu gudan cikin tashin fasaha na kwayoyin mabuwa a matsayin ISO 9080 ko GB/T 18252, wato tashin tsarin kuma ayyukan da suka daga 20 °C da 50 shekara, wanda aka fi sani shi ne kamar Yadda Yanzu Na Karkara (MRS). Tashin fasaha na kwayoyin mabuwa na PVC-U, PVC-UH, PVC-M, da PVC-O na kwayoyin ruwa suna a cikin Jable 3.

Jable 3: Tashin Fasaha na Kwayoyin Mabuwa na Kwayoyin Ruwa na PVC

A cikin ISO 1452-1:2009, a rubuta kowane mata na fassara. A matsayin yadda ya kamata ta zama tsanani na hydrostatic, a rubuta MRS na PVC don tuba ta 25 MPa, wanda ya nufi cewa mata na fassara ita ce PVC-U 250. Alamar da kariya na tuba na PVC-U, GB/T 10002.1-2006, ba ta rubuta darajar alama na pressure na compound mixtures don tuba. Tubadin PVC-UH don samun ruwa suna rubuta shirin daraja na MRS ≥ 25 MPa don compound mixtures. MRS na tubadin PVC-M ita ce ≥ 24.5 MPa.

MRS na tubadin PVC-O a cikin alamar ISO ta kashe goma biyu da uku: 31.5, 35.5, 40, 45, da 50 MPa, wanda suka hada da koda na raw material grade suka dace da 315, 355, 400, 450, da 500. A cikin waɗannan, daraja 400 da 450 suna amfani da su a yawa, amma waɗanda suka zuwa su ba su amfani da su a yawa.

2.3 Shiri na Zabi na Mata Masu Tsoro a Cikin Compound Mixtures

Fomula na PVC na kudin ruwa tana iya zama ta hanyar PVC resin, stabilizers, lubricants na dukkanin wani abu, fillers, colorants, impact modifiers, processing aids, da sauransu a yadda aka saba. Tafiyar da nisba na wasu abubuwan da suka fiye ya zama babbar ala'ada a cikin tsarin da amfani da kudin ruwa.

Aiki na kwayoyin PVC yana da kyau mai yawa don ƙarfin kuma aiki na PVC resin. A cikin amfani na yanzu, ana amfani da PVC resin na jinsi na SG-5 wanda aka saba. Kewayoyin PVC suna kawo daga biyu: jinsi na ethylene da jinsi na calcium carbide. Jinsi na ethylene ta saba ethylene daga petrolium, ta kuma sa ethylene ya magana da gas chlorine ta hanyar tashin bayani don samun vinyl chloride monomer, inda ya zama PVC resin ta hanyar polymerization. Masu amfani da jinsi na ethylene su ne Oxy Vinyl LP (USA), Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical Company, Tianjin LG Dagu Chemical Co., Ltd., da sauransu. Jinsi na calcium carbide tana amfani da ita a cikin China ta yanzu. Ta amfani da calcium carbide (calcium carbide) don samun acetylene idan ta gudan, ta kuma sa acetylene ya magana da hydrogen chloride don samun vinyl chloride monomer, kuma ta zama PVC resin ta hanyar polymerization.

PVC shi ne daga cikin polimea na yawa wanda suka zama mai kara gafara a cikin sana'arun, kuma yana da kyau da kariya ga kariya. Masu tsaya na kariya suna da muhimmiyar kamar abubuwan da suka zama maimakon PVC. A cikin tsarin samun PVC, masu tsaya na kariya wanda suka zama maimakon a yau ne calcium-zinc masu tsaya na kariya da organotin masu tsaya na kariya. Calcium-zinc masu tsaya na kariya ana amfani da su domin Europe, organotin masu tsaya na kariya ana amfani da su a wasu hanyoyin Amurka, kuma suka amfani da su dukawa a China. Calcium-zinc masu tsaya na kariya suna da karami na karami wanda suka zama maimakon da karami na karami; organotin masu tsaya na kariya suna da karami na karami kuma suna da karami na karami wanda suka zama maimakon a cikin samun PVC na karami da karami. Idan ana bukatar karami na karami na karami don PVC, karami na karami na antioxidants da karami na karami na light stabilizers zai iya haɗawa.

A cikin ƙarƙashin kwayoyin PVC, lubrikantun na farko da na biyu suna da mahimmanci. Lubrikantun da aka amfani da su yana kuma include asidin stearic, paraffin, waxin polyethylene, da calcium stearate wanda ya haɗa da aiki na pawa. Juzurin lubrikantun zai dace da sharru na abinci da design na formula na bayani. Wani abu da ke cikin mahimmanci shine in gano cewa madaidaici ta hada yana da aiki mai kyau na plasticization, don haka yanzu temperature na kuzari na hanyar haraji da dukkan alama na mekaniki na kwayoyi ba su yi aiki mai kyau ba.

A cikin kimiyyar bayanin abu, kuma za a iya sa’o calcium carbonate a PVC pipes. Fungin sannu na calcium carbonate su ne: kara rigidity na pipes, kara shinkanin rate, da kara kudin amfani. Sa’o na calcium carbonate zai kara yawan strength na pipe products da kara brittleness. Don haka, yawa na calcium carbonate fillers a tsarin PVC pipes ya kamata a gudanen su daidai. Calcium carbonate ana jagoranta shi zuwa ‘heavy calcium carbonate’ da ‘light calcium carbonate’. Alkali mixture mai amfani da heavy calcium carbonate formula yana da kyau a fluidity kuma yana da kyau don centralized feeding da conveying systems, wanda ke cikin pneumatic conveying systems; alkali mixture mai amfani da light calcium carbonate formula yana da fluidity mafi kyau kuma yana da density mafi kyau, amma yana da yawa mai kyau a water supply pipe formula wanda ke da sa’o mai yawa.

Ranar PVC pipes suna da karami ko baki. Ranar masu amfani sosai suka haɗa da titanium dioxide, carbon black, da phthalocyanine blue. A matsayin umummi, kudin ranar masu amfani suna yawa, kuma suka bukata da kyau na tashin ranar da tsayin gaba daya.

Matsayin maimakon kari da matsayin maimakon aiki suna taimaka wajen saita kyau na kari da matsayin aiki na PVC pipes a lokacin aiki.

2.4 Buƙatar Tashin Formula na Kudin Maza

Za a iya ganin daga 2.1 Tashin Kwararri na Gwamnati na Kwayoyi da 2.2 Tashin Kwararri na Gwamnati na Kwayoyi cewa kwararren na kwayoyin hudu sun kashe farko. Don haka, akwai farko guda biyu a cikin tashin formula da kudin kwayoyin hudu. Don tashin kwararri na formula, duba Jable 4. Don sababin farkon na tashin bayanai, akwai farko guda biyu a cikin bayanan kwayoyin kwararri, wanda za a bayyana su ta yawa a babi 5 na wannan rubutu.

Jable 4: Tashin Kwararri na Formula na Kwayoyin PVC na Zabu na Ruwa

NO.3 Yadda ake iya kawo gaskiya na dukkanin abubuwa da kuma yadda ake iya kawo gaskiya na dukkanin abubuwa na farko

3.1 Yadda ake iya kawo gaskiya na dukkanin abubuwa na pipes

Yadda ake iya kawo gaskiya na pressure pipes:

σₛ = MRS / C (1)

Inda: σₛ — Tsarin tsari na kwayoyin da suka daga ƙarfi, MPa MRS — Yadda ƙarfi mai yawa a matsayin tsari na kwayoyin da suka daga ƙarfi, MPa C — Tsarin tsari na kowane (tsarin tsari) na amfani

Kwayoyin PVC suna tsarin su don amfani da su a cikin 50 shekara. Lokacin da suka taimaka wata a 20 °C, yadda ƙarfi mai yawa a matsayin tsari na kwayoyin PVC na gida suna nuna a Jable 5. Tsarin tsari (tsarin tsari) na kwayoyin da suka daga ƙarfi da tsarin tsari na amfani don amfani mai zuwa 50 shekara ana sanya su a cikin Formula (2) da Formula (3) a matsayin madaidaici.

Jable 5: Yadda ƙarfi mai yawa a matsayin tsari na kwayoyin PVC na gida

Alamar: Akwai manya daraja na raw material na PVC-O pipes, wanda za a iya design su ta hanyar yin amfani da PVC-O product standards; don daraja 400 da 450 kamar yadda aka fassara, kuma overall service coefficient C shine 1.6.

Nominal pressure (design pressure) na pipes:

P = σₛ × eₙ / dₙ (2)

Inda:P — Nominal pressure (design pressure) na pipes, MPaσₛ — Design stress na pressure pipes, MPadₙ — Nominal outer diameter, mmeₙ — Nominal wall thickness, mm

Ta hanyar CJJ 101-2016 "Technical Code for Buried Plastic Water Supply Pipeline Engineering" 4.1.7, standard value na design pressure na pipe shine zai dace da 1.5 times na standard value na working pressure, wato:

P = 1.5 × Pwk (3)

Inda: Pwk — Working pressure na pipes, MPa

Za a ga waɗannan cikin bayani ce, overall service (design) coefficient na PVC-UH pipes shine yana ƙarƙashin kuma yana ƙarƙashin kuma na PVC-M pipes da PVC-O pipes, wato yana da ƙarƙashin kuma safety guarantee a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ta yau da kullum.

3.2 Karamin Tafarki na Dandano na Gaba'aya

A cikin bayanin karamin tafarki na ring stiffness a 2.4.2 na GB/T 19278-2018, karamin tafarki yana da rabuwa ta uku (cubic relationship) da tsinkin dandano. Bayanin mai ƙarfi na karamin tafarki (S) shi ne:

S = 0.0186 × E × (eₙ / dₙ)³ (4)

Inda:S — Karamin tafarki na ring stiffness, kN/m²E — Modulus na karami na matakai na dandano, wanda ake sani cewa shine 3000 MPa don PVC pipes a cikin bayanin ma'aikata dandano.dₙ — Diamita na gaba'aya, mm eₙ — Tsinkin na gaba'aya, mm

Za a iya ganin cewa don karama da sama yadda aka bayani, idan karama ta da sama yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa......

Jadalarin 6: Tabbatarin Karamar Karama na Karama Biyu

Idan a tabbatare su da sama yadda ta fuskanci, karama na PVC-M da PVC-O suna da yadda ta fuskanci mafi yawa. Don yadda ta fuskanci mafi yawa na bayanin abu da yadda ta fuskanci da yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa yadda ta fuskanci, kuma idan karama ta da yawa......

SHARUWA #4 Talo na Koyaya ga Fasahar Ayyuka

4.1 Kwayoyin Samun Ruwa na PVC-U da PVC-UH

Sunan kuma farko na yadda PVC-U suka yi a cikin alamarai na gida da suka yi a cikin alamarai na ISO 1452-2. Alama na kudin wani abu (pressure resistance) ta zurraka, kuma alama na kudin wani abu na fuskanci (impact resistance) ta faruwa, yani alama na kudin wani abu na fuskanci (TIR) ta kasance ≤ 5%, wanda ya sao alama na kudin wani abu na fuskanci na PVC-UH da yawa don kudin wani abu na fuskanci na TIR ≤ 10% a cikin alamarai na ISO. PVC-UH suka yi a muhimancin alamarai na ISO don PVC-U na kudin ruwa da alamarai na Amerika don PVC na kudin ruwa. Alamarai na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na dukkanin yadda suka yi na d......

Jadalarin 7: Tattaunawa na Farko na Bayanin Karama na PVC-U da PVC-UH na Kudin Ruwa

A cikin kudin tashin hydrostatic na lokacin daga ISO 1452-1:2009 (kamar yadda ake nuna a shakkin 1), zaku iya ganin cewa a lokacin tashin hydrostatic na lokacin daga lokaci, an samu kuma wani tashin kariya na farko don tuba suka yi amfani da kudin tashin kudin madaidaici na MRS ≥ 25 MPa. Yadda kariya na hoop a 20 °C da 1 h shine 42 MPa, kuma yadda kariya na hoop a 60 °C da 1000 h shine 10 MPa. Daga jadalar 7 zaku iya ganin cewa tuba PVC-UH sun yi amfani da kariya na kariya na hydrostatic na lokacin daga lokaci na PVC-U 250, amma tuba PVC-U wanda aka bayyana a kudin kariya na gida sun kasance ta yawa kara kariya na kariya na hydrostatic na lokacin daga lokaci (20 °C, 1 h, kariya na hoop 38 MPa), kuma ba su samu kariya na MRS ≥ 25 MPa wanda aka bayyana a kudin kariya na gida don tuba PVC-U.

4.2 Tuba na PVC-M don samun ruwa

Jadalar 8 yana nuna kyakkyawan bukatar aiki na PVC-M na kudin ruwa. Zamu ga cewa abubuwan PVC-M suna da shawara ta hanyar gaba daya na kudin ruwa, amma kuma shawara ta hanyar gaba daya na kudin ruwa mai tsanani, kuma shawara ta hanyar gaba daya na kudin ruwa mai zango. Don kudin ruwa da 'dn' ≥ 110 mm, an bayyana shawara ta hanyar gaba daya na kudin ruwa a 23 °C kuma 20 m, wanda ya ba abubuwan kudin ruwa bukatar mai ƙarfi na gaba daya kuma bukatar mai zango. Abubuwan kudin ruwa da aka sanya a cikin standardin baya na PVC-M suna da zango mai kyau kuma gaba daya mai kyau.

Jadalar 8: Kyakkyawan Bukatar Aiki na Kudin Ruwa na PVC-M (GB/T 32018.1-2015)

A cikin kuma yadda ake bukatar karfi na kariya da karfi na gaba, abubuwan PVC-M suka da bukatar karfi na tsayi. Don haka, abu ne da ke zama mai kyau wajen PVC-M da aka yi a cikin standad suka da abu ne da ke zama mai kyau wajen PVC-U ko PVC-UH na farko, kuma alamar da ke samun su na gaba ne ya dace; saboda kariya na kariya (design) na su ya kashe, alamar da ke tsayi na su ya zama babba daya don PVC-U ko PVC-UH na farko. Don haka, abu ne da ke zama mai kyau wajen tuba ta meter da alamar da ke tsayi daya ne ya zama daya, ko tuba na PVC-M suka da abu ne da ke zama mai kyau wajen su. Ga tuba na kariya na gaba, tsayi na kariya na gaba ne ya zama alamar da ke zama mai kyau wajen abubuwa, kuma karfi na kariya da karfi na gaba suna bukatar in su dace da bukatar amfani da su.

4.3 Tubacin PVC-O na ruwa

Jadalar 9 yana nuna kyauta na amfani da PVC-O don zuba mai. PVC-O su na karama ta hanyar tashin karama na PVC-U da aka saba da karama a cikin karama na biyu (axially da radially) ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa na gudunmawa da karama na biyu da karama na musamman don sa karama na PVC da suka daga cikin karama suka yi karama a cikin karama na biyu. Karama na gudunmawa ta yawa, kuma kyauta na formula, abubuwa da karama da karama na musamman su ta yawa. A yanzu, ƙarama mai yawa da aka iya gudunmawa a waje da a cikin bango shine 630 mm, kuma ƙarama na gudunmawa ta yawa da karama na biyu na karama, kuma kyauta na formula da karama na gudunmawa su ta yawa.

Jadalar 9: Kyauta na Amfani da Karama na PVC-O don Zuba Mai (CJ/T 445-2014)

Alamar: Ba a iya amfani da tsarin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da ke cikin kwayar da......